In Poland, several non-governmental organizations have been established to advocate on behalf of the Polish LGBTQ+ community, which enables SGM to receive legal, psychological, and medical services despite their relative invisibility in the country. However, a research study found that many Polish respondents (57.6%) were unable to distinguish between transgender and lesbian or gay persons, indicating that many in the country conflate gender identity with sexual orientation (Kłonkowska, 2018). A 2016 Dalia Research report, conducted through a census-representative survey, estimates that 4.9% of Polish citizens identify as lesbian, gay, bisexual, or transgender. Other estimates suggest that trans men disproportionately outnumber trans women at a 4:1 ratio (Kłonkowska, 2018).
Marriage for Same-Sex Couples
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Civil Unions
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Joint Adoption
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Second Parent Adoption
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Assisted Reproductive Technology
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*only allowed for treating medical infertility of married or cohabiting couples (Leibetseder, 2018)
Employment Nondiscrimination Laws
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Broad Protections
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Criminalization of Violence
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Ban of Conversion Therapy
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Consensual Same-Sex Acts are Legal?
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Gender
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Max Penalty (Yrs in Prison)
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Studies:
Karolina, K., Monika, P., & Michał, S. (2020). Two Sexes, Two Genders Only: Measuring Attitudes toward Transgender Individuals in Poland. Sex Roles; New York, 82(9–10), 600–621. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11199-019-01071-7
Kłonkowska, A. M. (2018). Masculinity: Assigned–Reassigned–Socially Constructed: The Social Reception of Trans Masculinity in Poland. Men and Masculinities, 21(2), 210–229. https://doi.org/10.1177/1097184X16658760
Kłonkowska, A. M., & Dynarski, W. (2020). “Be Glad That You Are Ill”: Medical Views on Transgender and Its Influence on Self-Perception Among Trans People in Poland. Przegląd Socjologii Jakościowej, 16(1), 84–101. https://doi.org/10.18778/1733-8069.16.1.06
Leibetseder, D. (2018). Queer and Trans Access to Assisted Reproductive Technologies (ART): A Comparison of Three EU-States -Poland, Spain and Sweden. Journal of International Women’s Studies, 20(1), 10-. Gale General OneFile.
Zarzycka, B., Rybarski, R., & Sliwak, J. (2017). The Relationship of Religious Comfort and Struggle with Anxiety and Satisfaction with Life in Roman Catholic Polish Men: The Moderating Effect of Sexual Orientation. Journal of Religion and Health, 56(6), 2162–2179. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10943-017-0388-y
Reports:
Transgender Europe, Overdiagnosed but Underserved, 2017.
Articles:
A Third of Poland Declared ‘LGBT-Free Zone.’ (2020, February 25). Balkan Insight. https://balkaninsight.com/2020/02/25/a-third-of-poland-declared-lgbt-free-zone/
Sex Education Under Fire Again in Poland. (2019, March 19). Human Rights Watch. https://www.hrw.org/news/2019/03/19/sex-education-under-fire-again-poland