Nepal

LGBTQ+ rights in Nepal are among the most progressive in Asia and in the last two decades there have been “extraordinary political victories for LGBT advocacy, most prominently a Supreme Court ruling in December 2007 that promoted the human rights of LGBT people including anti-discrimination, same-sex marriage and the explicit recognition of transgender people”(UNDP, USAID 2014). The visible presence of individuals of diverse genders and sexualities in Nepal goes back centuries and has been recorded in ancient religious texts. This is in contrast to the lived experiences of most LGBT people “who are generally compelled to hide their sexual orientation or gender identity and are frequently subject to human rights violations, stigma, and discrimination.” (UNDP, USAID 2014) Despite the notable advances on paper, “the actual lives of the vast majority of LGBT people in Nepal is still challenging due to widespread poverty, rigid social norms, and an unsympathetic legal framework and bureaucracy” (UNDP, USAID 2014).

Bochenek, M., & Knight, K. (2012). Establishing a third gender category in Nepal: Process and prognosis. Emory Int'l L. Rev., 26, 11. https://heinonline.org/HOL/Page?handle=hein.journals/emint26&div=5&g_sent=1&casa_token=BlCB5AdOVt8AAAAA:UEOyNpmNIfAfHrExz79BmECbOqH4sVbeIq4uqfRdlqR2kdS_1YD_h_TZWh9qfYd6tvrF61eU&collection=journals

Boyce, P., & Coyle, D. (2013). Development, discourse and law: transgender and same-sex sexualities in Nepal.http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/69733/1/ER13%20Final%20Onine.pdf

Coyle, D., & Boyce, P. (2015). Same-sex sexualities, gender variance, economy and livelihood in Nepal: exclusions, subjectivity and development. http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/69734/1/ER109_SamesexSexualitiesGenderVarianceEconomyandLivelihoodinNepal.pdf

Deuba, K., Ekström, A. M., Shrestha, R., Ionita, G., Bhatta, L., & Karki, D. K. (2013). Psychosocial health problems associated with increased HIV risk behavior among men who have sex with men in Nepal: a cross-sectional survey. PloS one, 8(3), e58099. https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0058099

Giri, P. D., Adhikari, A., Pradhan, M., Yogi, I., & Khanal, S. Barriers in Access to Health Care Services among Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender (LGBT) https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Sudip_Khanal3/publication/332016670_Barriers_in_Access_to_Health_Care_Services_among_Lesbian_Gay_Bisexual_Transgender_LGBT/links/5e05e51ba6fdcc283741ab10/Barriers-in-Access-to-Health-Care-Services-among-Lesbian-Gay-Bisexual-Transgender-LGBT.pdf

Kohlbrenner, V., Deuba, K., Karki, D. K., & Marrone, G. (2016). Perceived discrimination is an independent risk factor for suicidal ideation among sexual and gender minorities in Nepal. PLoS one, 11(7), e0159359. https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0159359

Pathak, R. S., Regmi, P., Puspa, P., Simkhada, P., Douglas, F., & Stephens, J. (2010). Gender identity: Challenges to accessing social and health care services for lesbians in Nepal. Global Journal of Health Science, 2(2), 207-204. http://eprints.bournemouth.ac.uk/22444/1/Challenges%20to%20Accessing%20Social%20and%20Health%20Care.pdf

Regmi, P. R., & Van Teijlingen, E. (2015). Importance of health and social care research into gender and sexual minority populations in Nepal. https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/1010539515613413?casa_token=4FdoNlPEGYAAAAAA:qFyBENua-4a8fAtNJ90NWAZzpk3u10_CNTD7RVqfnMTppEb-QsUcnMDPC5AyeDVgWA1UiIQjAjCewA

Wilson, E., Pant, S. B., Comfort, M., & Ekstrand, M. (2011). Stigma and HIV risk among Metis in Nepal. Culture, health & sexuality, 13(03), 253-266. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13691058.2010.524247