There are no nationwide surveys looking at Sexual and Gender minorities in Mongolia. Interestingly, there are no serious religious barriers to SGM individuals, as the dominant religion, Tibetan Buddhism, is silent on homosexuality. Homophobia is regarded as a form of nationalism, as many Mongolians believe homosexuality to be a product of the West. Thus, while Mongolian law does not criminalize homosexuality, homophobia is very pervasive in Mongolian society. Overall, public discourse around LGBTQ issues has only recently emerged: the first organization serving gay men was established in 1999, the first LGBT rights advocacy organization was registered in 2009, and the first Pride Week was held in 2013.
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Marriage for Same-Sex Couples
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Civil Unions
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Joint Adoption
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Second Parent Adoption
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Right to Change Legal Gender
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The Constitution of Mongolia banned same-sex marriage as of 1992.
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Employment Nondiscrimination Laws
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Broad Protections
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Criminalization of Violence
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Ban of Conversion Therapy
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Hate Crime laws
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Although the Constitution of Mongolia provides for a non-discrimination clause, prohibition on the basis of sexual orientation is not explicitly mentioned in the norm. As a result, SGM individuals in Mongolia face numerous human rights violations ranging from rape, physical and sexual attacks, arbitrary arrest and physical and sexual assault while in detention. Due to fear of reprisals and secondary victimization, mainly by the police, many incidents of harassment and violence are not reported.
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Consensual Same-Sex Acts are Legal?
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Gender
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Max Penalty (Yrs in Prison)
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Aumakhan, B., Tsedendemberel, O., Galsanjamts, N., & Dambiinyam, M. (2014). “POVERTY AND THE LESBIAN, GAY, BISEXUAL, TRANSGENDER AND INTERSEX COMMUNITY IN MONGOLIA” SURVEY REPORT. https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.21293.08164
Azyei, I., Aumakhan, B., Jantsansengee, B.Jantsansengee, B., Munkhbaatar, S., Gombo, E., Puntsag, U., Jagdagsuren, D., Ketende, S., Stromdahl, S., Baral, S., Sovd, T., & Amindavaa, O. (2014).Evolving Understanding of the Epidemiology of HIV and Prevention Needs among Men Who Have Sex with Men in Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia. AIDS and Behavior, 18. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-014-0780-5.
LGBT Centre Mongolia (2016). The Status of Lesbian, Bisexual Women and Transgender Persons in Mongolia. http://lgbtcentre.mn/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/63rdCEDAW-LGBTcentre-2016.docx.pdf
Peitzmeier, S. M., Yasin, F., Stephenson, R., Wirtz, A. L., Delegchoimbol, A., Dorjgotov, M., & Baral, S. (2015). Sexual Violence against Men Who Have Sex with Men and Transgender Women in Mongolia: A Mixed-Methods Study of Scope and Consequences. PLoSONE, 10(10). https://link-gale-com.proxy.lib.duke.edu/apps/doc/A430528875/EAIM?u=duke_perkins&sid=EAIM&xid=0c6f73ec
Peitzmeier, S. M., Stephenson, R., Wirtz, A. L., Delegchoimbol, A., Dorjgotov, M., & Baral, S. (2015). Perceptions of sexual violence among men who have sex with men and individualson the trans-feminine spectrum in Mongolia. Global Pubic Health, 12(8): 954-969. https://doi-org.proxy.lib.duke.edu/10.1080/17441692.2015.1114133
UNDP, USAID (2014). Being LGBT in Asia: Mongolia Country Report. Bangkok. https://www.refworld.org/pdfid/54ed84be4.pdf
Yasin, F., Delechoimbol, A., Jamiyanjamts, N., Sovd, T., Mason, K., & Baral, S. (2013). A Cross-Sectional Evaluation of Correlates of HIV Testing Practices among Men Who have Sex with Men in Mongolia. AIDS and Behavior, 17: 1378-1385. https://link-springer-com.proxy.lib.duke.edu/article/10.1007/s10461-013-0412-5