In India, homosexuality is considered to be a crime under section 377, which refers to ‘unnatural offenses’, of the Indian Penal Code, 1860 . DespiteIndia being one among several countries with the denomination of a third gender (hijra), human rights for SGM populations remain difficult. Many individuals continuously face stigma and mental, physical, emotional, and economic violence in their respective communities and spaces. Moreover, most studies or literature about SGM populations in India are concerned with HIV health risks and have little consideration of mental health.
Marriage for Same-Sex Couples
| |
Civil Unions
| |
Joint Adoption
| |
Second Parent Adoption
|
Employment Nondiscrimination Laws
| |
Broad Protections
| |
Criminalization of Violence
| |
Ban of Conversion Therapy
|
Consensual Same-Sex Acts are Legal?
| |
Gender
| |
Max Penalty (Yrs in Prison)
|
Asthana, S., & Oostvogels, R. (2001). The social construction of male ‘homosexuality’ in India: Implications for HIV transmission and prevention. Social Science and Medicine, 52, 707–721. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0277953600001672?via%3Dihub
Bowling, J. (2016). Risk and protective health behaviors among sexual minority females in mumbai, india (Order No. 10143626). Available from GenderWatch; ProQuest Central; ProQuest Dissertations & Theses Global. (1824672507). Retrieved from https://login.proxy.lib.duke.edu/login?url=https://search.proquest.com/docview/1824672507?accountid=10598
Bowling J., Dodge B., Banik S., Bartelt E., Rawat S., Guerra-Reyes L., Hensel D., Herbenick D., Anand V. (2017) A multi-method study of health behaviours and perceived concerns of sexual minority females in Mumbai, India. Sexual Health 15, 29-38. https://doi.org/10.1071/SH17042
Chakrapani, V., Vijin, P. P., Logie, C. H., Newman, P. A., Shunmugam, M., Sivasubramanian, M., & Samuel, M. (2017). Understanding How Sexual and Gender Minority Stigmas Influence Depression Among Trans Women and Men Who Have Sex with Men in India. LGBT Health, 4(3), 217–226. doi: 10.1089/lgbt.2016.0082
Chettiar, A. (2015). Problems Faced by Hijras (Male to Female Transgenders) in Mumbai with Reference to Their Health and Harassment by the Police. International Journal of Social Science and Humanity, 5(9), 752–759. doi: 10.7763/ijssh.2015.v5.551
Dey, S., Das, A., Raul, S., Sen, S., Shaw, T., Saha, D., ... Chatterjee, D. (2011). The identities of gendered sexual subjectivity: A report on MSM performances in Kothi network in urban West Bengal. Journal of Department of Anthropology, 12, 167–177. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/248381042_The_Identities_of_Gendered_Sexual_Subjectivity_A_Report_on_MSM_Performances_in_Kothi_Network_in_Urban_West_Bengal
Kumta, S., Lurie, M., Weitzen, S., Jerajani, H., Gogate, A., Row-kavi, A., Anand, V., Makadon, H., & Mayer, K. H. (2010). Bisexuality, sexual risk taking, and HIV prevalenceamong men who have sex with men accessing voluntary counseling and testing services in Mumbai, India. Journal of acquired immune deficiency syndromes (1999), 53(2), 227–233. https://doi.org/10.1097/QAI.0b013e3181c354d8
Logie, C. H., Newman, P. A., Chakrapani, V., & Shunmugam, M. (2012). Adapting the minority stress model: Associations between gender non-conformity stigma, HIV-related stigma and depression among men who have sex with men in South India. Social Science and Medicine, 74, 1261–1268. https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S027795361200113X
Mimiaga, M.J., Closson, E.F., Thomas, B. et al. Garnering an In-depth Understanding of Men Who Have Sex with Men in Chennai, India: A Qualitative Analysis of Sexual Minority Status and Psychological Distress. Arch Sex Behav44, 2077–2086 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-014-0369-0
National AIDS Control Organization of India. (2013b). A technical brief, 2012–2013. New Delhi: Indian Ministry of Health and Family Welfare.
Sivasubramanian, M., Mimiaga, M. J., Mayer, K. H., Anand, V. R., Johnson, C. V., Prabhugate, P., ... Safren, S. A. (2011). Suicidality, clinical depression, and anxiety disorders are highly prevalent in men who have sex with men in Mumbai, India: Findings from a community-recruited sample. Psychology, Health & Medicine, 16, 450–462. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13548506.2011.554645
Thomas, B., Mimiaga, M. J., Mayer, K. H., Closson, E. F., Johnson, C. V., Menon, S., ... Safren, S. A. (2012). Ensuring it works: A community-based approach to HIV prevention intervention development for men who have sex with men in Chennai, India. AIDS Education and Prevention, 24, 483–499. https://doi.org/10.1521%2Faeap.2012.24.6.483
Welles, S. L., Baker, A. C., Miner, M. H., Brennan, D. J., Jacoby, S., & Rosser, B. R. (2009). History of childhood sexual abuse and unsafe anal intercourse in a 6-city study of HIV-positive men who have sex with men. American Journal of Public Health,99, 1079–1086. https://doi.org/10.2105%2FAJPH.2007.133280