India

In India, homosexuality is considered to be a crime under section 377, which refers to ‘unnatural offenses’, of the Indian Penal Code, 1860 . DespiteIndia being one among several countries with the denomination of a third gender (hijra), human rights for SGM populations remain difficult. Many individuals continuously face stigma and mental, physical, emotional, and economic violence in their respective communities and spaces. Moreover, most studies or literature about SGM populations in India are concerned with HIV health risks and have little consideration of mental health.

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Bowling J., Dodge B., Banik S., Bartelt E., Rawat S., Guerra-Reyes L., Hensel D., Herbenick D., Anand V. (2017) A multi-method study of health behaviours and perceived concerns of sexual minority females in Mumbai, India. Sexual Health 15, 29-38. https://doi.org/10.1071/SH17042

Chakrapani, V., Vijin, P. P., Logie, C. H., Newman, P. A., Shunmugam, M., Sivasubramanian, M., & Samuel, M. (2017). Understanding How Sexual and Gender Minority Stigmas Influence Depression Among Trans Women and Men Who Have Sex with Men in India. LGBT Health, 4(3), 217–226. doi: 10.1089/lgbt.2016.0082

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Kumta, S., Lurie, M., Weitzen, S., Jerajani, H., Gogate, A., Row-kavi, A., Anand, V., Makadon, H., & Mayer, K. H. (2010). Bisexuality, sexual risk taking, and HIV prevalenceamong men who have sex with men accessing voluntary counseling and testing services in Mumbai, India. Journal of acquired immune deficiency syndromes (1999), 53(2), 227–233. https://doi.org/10.1097/QAI.0b013e3181c354d8

Logie, C. H., Newman, P. A., Chakrapani, V., & Shunmugam, M. (2012). Adapting the minority stress model: Associations between gender non-conformity stigma, HIV-related stigma and depression among men who have sex with men in South India. Social Science and Medicine, 74, 1261–1268. https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S027795361200113X

Mimiaga, M.J., Closson, E.F., Thomas, B. et al. Garnering an In-depth Understanding of Men Who Have Sex with Men in Chennai, India: A Qualitative Analysis of Sexual Minority Status and Psychological Distress. Arch Sex Behav44, 2077–2086 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-014-0369-0

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